Les universités étrangères mettent tout en œuvre pour attirer les « cerveaux », dont de nombreux Africains. Pour éviter l’hémorragie, deux solutions : développer les infrastructures scolaires sur le continent et miser sur les cours en ligne.
Un tabloïd camerounais titrait récemment que l’Université de Yaoundé I était parmi les meilleures au monde. Vous n’avez pas mal lu. Selon quel classement, alors qu’elle ne figure même pas parmi les cent meilleures d’Afrique ? Quelles infrastructures, quelles recherches y auraient révolutionné l’humanité ?
Ces interrogations ne signifient nullement que rien ne s’y fait. Au contraire. Le Cameroun a produit (malgré lui) des sommités, comme le sociologue Jean-Marc Ela, le philosophe Fabien Eboussi Boulaga ou l’économiste Joseph Tchundjang Pouémi. Aujourd’hui encore, il existe peu d’institutions étrangères où n’officient de brillants sujets Camerounais ou Africains. Mais à y regarder de près, tous ont fait une partie de leurs études à l’étranger. Des décennies après les indépendances, cette tendance peut-elle s’inverser ?
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Il faut du temps pour bâtir les infrastructures nécessaires à la formation de jeunes, dont 60% ont moins de 25 ans. Cette démographie pousse ceux qui le peuvent vers les institutions occidentales, et France n’est plus l’unique destination. Il existe aussi, sur le continent africain, un marché de l’enseignement supérieur dont la qualité mérite d’être analysée. Même si un chauvinisme facile tend à prétendre le contraire, les Africains étudient ailleurs parce qu’ils estiment y trouver mieux.
Si, jusqu’au début des années 1990, quelques pays offraient encore des bourses aux plus brillants élèves (et, surtout, aux moins nantis), tel n’est plus le cas. En revanche, pour atténuer le coût considérable d’une éducation de qualité, quelques pays anglophones approchent directement des universités nord-américaines pour former leurs futurs cadres.
En 1992, au moment des manifestations étudiantes, le Cameroun a décidé de « casser » en deux l’unique université nationale. Depuis, le pouvoir crée des universités d’État par décret présidentiel (et providentiel). En dehors de nominations prébendières, les établissements naissent sans aucune infrastructure. En 2015, le ministre camerounais de l’Enseignement supérieur a une idée étrange (et coûteuse) : acheter pour 75 milliards de F CFA (114,3 millions d’euros) des « ordinateurs » chinois de 32 gigas. Estampillés PBHEV (Paul Biya Higher Education Vision, marque exclusive au Cameroun), ils sont distribués à des étudiants, enseignants et cadres.
Au Sénégal, le président Macky Sall a inauguré, le 1er décembre 2022, l’Université Amadou-Mahtar-Mbow, spécialisée dans l’économie, la gestion, les sciences et les technologies. Coût : 60 milliards de F CFA, bâtiments et équipements ultramodernes inclus. Cette université fait partie du Plan de développement de l’enseignement supérieur, cofinancé avec la Banque mondiale.
Voilà deux exemples parlants de financements de l’éducation par l’État. Dans les pays sérieux, les coûts de formation représentent une part importante du budget national. La part du PIB affectée à l’éducation met en évidence les priorités. Cameroun, 3,2% ; Mali, 3,8% ; Sénégal, 5,5% ; Afrique du Sud, 6,2% ; Botswana, 8,7% ; Namibie, 9,4%.
Le secteur privé à la rescousse
Dans ce contexte, le privé devient incontournable. En plus des établissements confessionnels, l’éducation est prise d’assaut par des milieux d’affaires qui tirent parti des limites du secteur public. La demande restant importante et la qualité relative, beaucoup d’étudiants s’expatrient. Le Canada est une destination privilégiée pour des milliers d’étudiants venant principalement de quatre pays : Algérie, Maroc, Nigeria, Sénégal.
Cette coûteuse mobilité s’explique aussi par les moyens déployés par les universités canadiennes pour recruter les étudiants étrangers. En plus des bourses Pearson Scholars pour les plus brillants, l’université de Toronto met tout en œuvre pour attirer les meilleurs cerveaux, dont de nombreux Africains. Elle soutient 11% de ses étudiants étrangers. Depuis 2003, la Toronto Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration a formé une centaine de psychiatres éthiopiens. Elle forme aussi des jeunes sur le continent dans le domaine de la santé. Ce projet inclut huit universités dans cinq pays : Kenya, Afrique du Sud, Rwanda, Ghana et Éthiopie. Pourquoi ces pays ? Perçus comme « crédibles », plus entreprenants, ils disposent du minimum nécessaire à une telle dissémination du savoir : salles équipées d’ordinateurs et accès à internet.
L’ÉDUCATION COÛTE CHER, L’IGNORANCE ENCORE PLUS, AURAIT AFFIRMÉ ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Les Africains qui excellent dans les universités étrangères ne demandent qu’à soutenir le continent. Lorsqu’ils font preuve d’indépendance (ou même simplement d’indifférence) à l’égard de leurs dirigeants, ils deviennent suspects. Seuls l’Éthiopie, le Ghana, le Mali et le Sénégal semblent élaborer des plans pour tirer profit des connaissances accumulées par leur diaspora.
Charognards illettrés
L’éducation coûte très cher, l’ignorance encore plus, aurait affirmé Abraham Lincoln. Il existe un immense marché africain de l’éducation, où le privé garde sa place. L’État pourrait se limiter à des actes de régulation. À l’heure du numérique, le continent aurait pu tirer des bénéfices énormes des ressources gratuites en ligne et du soutien pédagogique d’universités établies, qui, parfois, veulent simplement se donner bonne conscience.
Les Massive Open Online Courses (Moocs) offrent des cours en ligne gratuits pour tous. Ces enseignements constituent un moyen souple et abordable d’acquérir de nouvelles compétences cruciales pour le développement du continent. Face aux défaillances criantes de certains États, le secteur est quadrillé par des charognards souvent illettrés désireux de multiplier leurs profits. Dans Le Chemin de Hiala, le milliardaire Victor Fotso, propriétaire d’un institut universitaire de technologie, exprimait un seul regret : ne pas être allé l’école. C’est dire l’importance de l’éducation et de l’urgence d’adopter les politiques qui la promeuvent.
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